Where are my UA private keys?

Correct. The issue for making restoration-from-mnemonic possible (and figuring out how to handle the UX for it, which a full node with integrated wallet really doesn’t make nice) is Add ability to restore the zcashd wallet from the emergency recovery phrase (mnemonic seed). · Issue #5796 · zcash/zcash · GitHub.

For a brand new wallet, either approach is equivalent, but you’re correct that having the wallet.dat around makes restoration possible with zcashd today.

For an old wallet with pre-UA keys, backing up wallet.dat is a requirement (and one that zcashd-wallet-tool takes care to point out), because the mnemonic can’t be used to recover things that weren’t generated from it. We did implement a hack to bind old Sapling keys to the mnemonic, but there was nothing that could be done for legacy transparent and Sprout which were never derived deterministically.

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